Course Content
Science
The Class 7 Science curriculum offers a comprehensive exploration of fundamental scientific concepts, fostering a deeper understanding of the natural world. Covering a diverse array of topics, students delve into the intricacies of plant and animal nutrition, unraveling the mysteries of photosynthesis and digestion. From the transformation of fibers into fabric to the principles governing heat transfer, students embark on a journey through the realms of physics and biology. They uncover the properties of acids, bases, and salts, gaining insight into chemical reactions and their practical applications. Moreover, the course sheds light on environmental phenomena, elucidating the mechanisms behind weather patterns, winds, storms, and cyclones, while also delving into the significance of soil and water resources. Through hands-on exploration and theoretical learning, students develop a holistic perspective on scientific principles, equipping them with the knowledge and skills to navigate the complexities of the natural world.
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Nutrition in Plants
Nutrition in Animals
Heat
Acids, Bases and Salts
Physical and Chemical Changes
Respiration in Organisms
Transportation in Animals and Plants
Reproduction in Plants
Motion and Time
Electric Current and its Effects
Light
Forests: Our Lifeline
Wastewater Story
Water: A Precious Resource
Maths
abc
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Integers
Fractions and Decimals
Data Handling
Simple Equations
Lines and Angles
The Triangle and its Properties
Comparing Quantities
Rational Numbers
Algebraic Expressions
Exponents and Powers
Symmetry
Visualising Solid Shapes
SST
Class 7 Social Studies (SST) covers a broad spectrum of topics encompassing history, geography, and civics, aimed at providing students with a comprehensive understanding of their world and its historical, social, and environmental context. In history, students explore significant events and developments from medieval India, including the rise and fall of empires, cultural transformations, and the influence of various dynasties. Geography lessons focus on understanding the Earth's structure, various landforms, water bodies, and the impact of human activities on the environment, fostering awareness about sustainability and conservation. Civics introduces students to the functioning of government, the importance of democracy, and the roles and responsibilities of citizens, promoting an understanding of their place and duties within the society. This curriculum is designed to build critical thinking, awareness, and a sense of responsibility among students.
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Environment
Inside Our Earth
Our Changing Earth
Air
Water
Human – Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Region
Life in the desserts
INTRODUCTION: TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A THOUSAND YEARS
KINGS AND KINGDOMS
The Delhi Sultans
THE MUGHALS (16th TO 17th CENTURY)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
DEVOTIONAL PATHS TO THE DIVINE
THE MAKING OF REGIONAL CULTURES
EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY POLITICAL FORMATIONS
English
Class 7 English curriculum encompasses a diverse range of language skills and literary exploration. Students engage in reading comprehension activities, analyzing prose, poetry, and short stories to grasp main ideas, characters, and literary devices. Grammar and vocabulary exercises strengthen their understanding of language structure and usage. Writing skills are honed through the practice of various formats like essays, letters, and narratives, focusing on coherent organization and persuasive expression. Literary exploration introduces students to different genres and elements such as character development, plot, and figurative language. Speaking and listening activities improve verbal communication, while supplementary readings broaden literary exposure. Engaging in language games and interactive exercises further reinforces learning, fostering effective communication and critical thinking for academic and real-life contexts.
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Three Questions
A Gift of Chappals
The Rebel
The Squirrel
Gopal and the Hilsa-fish
The Shed
The Ashes That Made Trees Bloom
Chivvy
Quality
Trees
Expert Detectives
Mystery of the Talking Fan
The Invention of Vita-Wonk
Dad and the Cat and the Tree
A Homage to our Brave Soldiers
Meadow Surprises
A Bicycle in Good Repair
Garden Snake
The Story of Cricket
The Tiny Teacher
Bringing Up Kari
The Desert
Golu Grows a Nose
Chandni
The Bear Story
A tiger in the house
An alien hand
The Cop and the Anthem
I want something in a Cage
Class 7 Foundation
About Lesson

6.1 Introduction to Triangles

  1. Definition of a Triangle:

    • A triangle is a simple closed curve made up of three line segments.
    • It has three vertices, three sides, and three angles.

  2. Elements of a Triangle:

    • Sides: The three line segments forming a triangle. For triangle ∆ABC:
      • AB, BC, and CA are the sides.
    • Angles: The angles between the sides. For triangle ∆ABC:
      • ∠BAC, ∠ABC, and ∠BCA are the angles.
    • Vertices: The points where the sides meet. For triangle ∆ABC:
      • A, B, and C are the vertices.

  3. Opposite Elements:

    • The side opposite to a vertex is the side not connected to that vertex.
      • For vertex A in ∆ABC, the opposite side is BC.
    • The angle opposite to a side is the angle not adjacent to that side.
      • For side AB in ∆ABC, the opposite angle is ∠BCA.

  4. Classification of Triangles:

    • Based on Sides:
      • Scalene Triangle: All sides are of different lengths.
      • Isosceles Triangle: Two sides are of equal length.
      • Equilateral Triangle: All three sides are of equal length.
    • Based on Angles:
      • Acute-angled Triangle: All angles are less than 90°.
      • Obtuse-angled Triangle: One angle is greater than 90°.
      • Right-angled Triangle: One angle is exactly 90°.

  5. Practical Activity:

    • Paper Models: Students are encouraged to make paper-cut models of different types of triangles based on their classification. This hands-on activity helps in understanding and visualizing the differences between various triangles.

  6. Exercises:

    • Identifying Elements:
      • Write the six elements (sides and angles) of a given triangle.
    • Opposite Elements:
      • Identify the side opposite to a given vertex, the angle opposite to a given side, and the vertex opposite to a given side.
    • Classification:
      • Classify triangles based on their sides and angles using given diagrams.

6.2 Medians of a Triangle

  1. Introduction to Medians:

    • A median of a triangle is a line segment that joins a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
    • Each triangle has three medians.

  2. Finding the Median:

    • To find the median, start with a side of the triangle.
    • Locate the midpoint of the chosen side by folding or measuring.
    • Draw a line segment from the midpoint to the opposite vertex.

  3. Example:

    • Consider a triangle ABC.
    • For side BC, find its midpoint D.
    • Draw line segment AD.
    • AD is a median of triangle ABC.

  4. Properties of Medians:

    • A median connects a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
    • Each median divides the triangle into two smaller triangles of equal area.

  5. Visualization:

    • Cut out a paper triangle and fold to find the midpoints.
    • Join the midpoints to the opposite vertices to see the three medians.

  6. Exploration Questions:

    • How many medians can a triangle have? (Answer: Three)
    • Does a median always lie within the interior of a triangle? (Typically yes, but it can be explored with specific triangle shapes like obtuse triangles where it might lie along a side.)

Activities:

  • Paper Folding Activity:

    • Cut a triangle out of paper.
    • Fold one side to locate its midpoint.
    • Unfold and draw the median from the midpoint to the opposite vertex.
    • Repeat for the other two sides to see all three medians.

6.3 Altitudes of a Triangle

  1. Introduction to Altitudes:

    • An altitude of a triangle is a perpendicular segment from a vertex to the line containing the opposite side.
    • Each triangle has three altitudes.

  2. Finding the Altitude:

    • To find an altitude, start with a vertex.
    • Draw a line from the vertex to the opposite side (or its extension) such that it forms a right angle with the opposite side.

  3. Example:

    • Consider a triangle ABC.
    • For vertex A, draw a line segment from A to side BC that is perpendicular to BC.
    • This line segment is an altitude from A.

  4. Properties of Altitudes:

    • An altitude forms a right angle with the side it meets.
    • The point where an altitude intersects the side is called the foot of the altitude.

  5. Visualization:

    • Use a protractor or a set square to ensure the perpendicularity when drawing the altitudes.

  6. Exploration Questions:

    • How many altitudes can a triangle have? (Answer: Three)
    • Do all altitudes always lie within the triangle? (Not necessarily, in obtuse triangles, some altitudes may lie outside the triangle.)

Activities:

  • Drawing Altitudes Activity:

    • Draw a triangle on a piece of paper.
    • Use a protractor to draw the altitudes from each vertex.
    • Identify the orthocenter, the point where all three altitudes intersect.

  • Discussion Points:

    • Discuss the different locations of the orthocenter depending on the type of triangle (acute, obtuse, right).
    • Explore how the altitudes can lie inside or outside the triangle based on its shape.

6.4 Perpendicular Bisectors of a Triangle

  1. Introduction to Perpendicular Bisectors:

    • A perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is a line that is perpendicular to the side and bisects it into two equal parts.
    • Each triangle has three perpendicular bisectors, one for each side.

  2. Finding the Perpendicular Bisector:

    • To find the perpendicular bisector, start with a side of the triangle.
    • Locate the midpoint of the side.
    • Draw a line that is perpendicular to the side at its midpoint.

  3. Example:

    • Consider a triangle ABC.
    • For side BC, find its midpoint D.
    • Draw a line segment that is perpendicular to BC at D.
    • This line segment is the perpendicular bisector of BC.

  4. Properties of Perpendicular Bisectors:

    • A perpendicular bisector divides a side into two equal segments.
    • The point where the perpendicular bisectors intersect is called the circumcenter, which is equidistant from all three vertices.

  5. Visualization:

    • Use a compass and straightedge to accurately find midpoints and draw perpendicular lines.

  6. Exploration Questions:

    • How many perpendicular bisectors can a triangle have? (Answer: Three)
    • Do all perpendicular bisectors always intersect within the triangle? (No, the intersection point, circumcenter, may lie inside or outside the triangle depending on its type.)

Activities:

  • Drawing Perpendicular Bisectors Activity:

    • Draw a triangle on a piece of paper.
    • Use a compass to find the midpoints of each side.
    • Draw perpendicular lines at each midpoint to form the perpendicular bisectors.
    • Identify the circumcenter where they intersect.

6.5 Medians of a Triangle

  1. Introduction to Medians:

    • A median of a triangle is a line segment that joins a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
    • Each triangle has three medians.

  2. Finding the Median:

    • To find a median, start with a vertex.
    • Locate the midpoint of the opposite side.
    • Draw a line segment from the vertex to this midpoint.

  3. Example:

    • Consider a triangle ABC.
    • For vertex A, find the midpoint D of side BC.
    • Draw a line segment from A to D.
    • This line segment is the median from A.

  4. Properties of Medians:

    • A median divides the triangle into two smaller triangles of equal area.
    • The medians of a triangle intersect at a point called the centroid.

  5. Visualization:

    • Use a compass and straightedge to find the midpoints and draw the medians accurately.

  6. Exploration Questions:

    • How many medians can a triangle have? (Answer: Three)
    • What is the significance of the centroid in a triangle? (The centroid is the center of mass or balance point of the triangle.)

Activities:

  • Drawing Medians Activity:

    • Draw a triangle on a piece of paper.
    • Use a compass to find the midpoints of each side.
    • Draw line segments from each vertex to the opposite side’s midpoint to form the medians.
    • Identify the centroid where all three medians intersect.

  • Discussion Points:

    • Discuss the properties of the centroid and its significance in dividing the triangle into smaller triangles of equal area.
    • Explore how the centroid divides each median into a ratio of 2:1.

6.6 Angle Bisectors of a Triangle

  1. Introduction to Angle Bisectors:

    • An angle bisector of a triangle is a line segment that bisects an angle of the triangle into two equal angles.
    • Each triangle has three angle bisectors.

  2. Finding the Angle Bisector:

    • To find an angle bisector, start with a vertex.
    • Use a compass to draw arcs from the vertex to intersect the opposite sides.
    • Draw a line segment from the vertex to the point where the arcs intersect the sides, ensuring the line divides the angle into two equal parts.

  3. Example:

    • Consider a triangle ABC.
    • For vertex A, use a compass to create arcs from A that intersect sides AB and AC.
    • Draw a line segment from A through the intersection points, creating two equal angles at A.
    • This line segment is the angle bisector of ∠A.

  4. Properties of Angle Bisectors:

    • An angle bisector divides an angle into two equal parts.
    • The angle bisectors of a triangle intersect at a point called the incenter.

  5. Visualization:

    • Use a protractor to accurately draw the angle bisectors.

  6. Exploration Questions:

    • How many angle bisectors can a triangle have? (Answer: Three)
    • What is the significance of the incenter in a triangle? (The incenter is equidistant from all three sides and is the center of the inscribed circle.)

Activities:

  • Drawing Angle Bisectors Activity:

    • Draw a triangle on a piece of paper.
    • Use a compass to create arcs from each vertex and draw the angle bisectors.
    • Identify the incenter where all three angle bisectors intersect.

6.7 Altitudes of a Triangle

  1. Introduction to Altitudes:

    • An altitude of a triangle is a perpendicular line segment from a vertex to the line containing the opposite side (known as the base).
    • Each triangle has three altitudes.

  2. Finding the Altitude:

    • To find an altitude, start with a vertex.
    • Draw a perpendicular line from the vertex to the opposite side or its extension.

  3. Example:

    • Consider a triangle ABC.
    • For vertex A, draw a perpendicular line from A to side BC.
    • This perpendicular line segment is the altitude from A.

  4. Properties of Altitudes:

    • Altitudes intersect at a point called the orthocenter.
    • The orthocenter may lie inside, outside, or on the triangle, depending on the type of triangle (acute, obtuse, or right triangle).

  5. Visualization:

    • Use a ruler and a protractor to draw the perpendicular lines accurately.

  6. Exploration Questions:

    • How many altitudes can a triangle have? (Answer: Three)
    • What is the significance of the orthocenter in a triangle? (The orthocenter is the common intersection point of the altitudes.)

Activities:

  • Drawing Altitudes Activity:

    • Draw a triangle on a piece of paper.
    • Use a protractor to draw a perpendicular line from each vertex to the opposite side.
    • Identify the orthocenter where all three altitudes intersect.

  • Discussion Points:

    • Discuss the properties of the orthocenter and how its location changes with different types of triangles.
    • Explore how the orthocenter’s position (inside, outside, or on the triangle) varies based on the triangle being acute, obtuse, or right-angled.

6.8 Exterior Angle of a Triangle and Its Properties

  1. Introduction to Exterior Angles:

    • An exterior angle of a triangle is formed when one side of a triangle is extended.
    • It is adjacent to an interior angle of the triangle.

  2. Exterior Angle Theorem:

    • The exterior angle theorem states that the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the two non-adjacent interior angles.
    • If ∠ABC is an exterior angle, then ∠ABC = ∠A + ∠B (where ∠A and ∠B are the non-adjacent interior angles).

  3. Example:

    • Consider triangle ABC with an exterior angle ∠ACD formed by extending side BC.
    • According to the theorem, ∠ACD = ∠A + ∠B.

  4. Properties of Exterior Angles:

    • An exterior angle is always greater than either of the non-adjacent interior angles.
    • The exterior angle theorem helps in solving various problems related to angles in triangles.

  5. Visualization:

    • Extend one side of the triangle and measure the exterior angle.
    • Verify the exterior angle theorem by adding the non-adjacent interior angles.

  6. Exploration Questions:

    • What is the measure of an exterior angle if the non-adjacent interior angles are 45° and 55°? (Answer: 100°)
    • Can an exterior angle be less than either of the non-adjacent interior angles? (Answer: No, it is always greater.)
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