10.1 Light Travels Along Straight Lines

• Straight-Line Path: Light travels in straight lines.

• Experiment: Look through a straight pipe to see light coming through; bend the pipe, and light does not pass through.

• Illustration: Demonstrates that light does not bend around corners.

• Fundamental Concept: Essential for understanding shadows and light behavior with materials.

10.2 Reflection of Light

• Reflection Definition: Light bounces back when hitting a shiny surface.

• Common Examples: Mirrors and calm water surfaces.

• Angle of Incidence: Angle at which light hits the surface.

• Angle of Reflection: Angle at which light reflects, equal to the angle of incidence.

• Image Formation: Reflected light rays carry information about objects.

10.3 Real and Virtual Images

• Real Images: Can be projected onto a screen, formed by converging light rays.

• Virtual Images: Cannot be projected, formed by diverging light rays appearing to come from a common point.

• Plane Mirrors: Always form virtual images that are upright and appear behind the mirror at the same distance as the object.

10.4 Lateral Inversion

• Definition: Left and right sides of an image appear reversed in a plane mirror.

• Example: Raising your right hand appears as left hand raised in the mirror.

• Text Example: Words appear reversed in a mirror, such as “AMBULANCE” written in reverse for clarity in rear-view mirrors.

10.5 Characteristics of Images Formed by Plane Mirrors

• Virtual: The image cannot be projected onto a screen.

• Erect: The image is upright.

• Lateral Inversion: The image is reversed left-to-right.

• Same Size: The image is the same size as the object.

• Same Distance: The image appears at the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.

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10.6 Spherical Mirrors

• Types: Concave and convex mirrors.

• Shapes: Concave mirrors curve inward; convex mirrors curve outward.

• Light Behavior: They focus or diverge light differently, affecting image properties and uses.

10.7 Concave Mirrors

• Shape: Curves inward.

• Focal Point: Focuses parallel light rays to a single point.

• Real Images: Formed by converging rays, can be projected, inverted.

• Virtual Images: Formed by diverging rays appearing to come from behind the mirror, upright.

• Uses: Shaving mirrors, telescopes, and applications needing magnified images.

10.8 Convex Mirrors

• Shape: Curves outward.

• Light Behavior: Causes light rays to spread out or diverge.

• Virtual Images: Always virtual, upright, and cannot be projected.

• Diminished: The image is smaller than the object.

• Uses: Vehicle rear-view mirrors and security mirrors for a wider field of view.

10.9 Reflection and the Laws of Reflection

• Law of Incidence and Reflection: Angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

• Plane Law: Incident ray, normal, and reflected ray all lie in the same plane.

• Principles: Govern light interaction with reflective surfaces, essential for understanding mirror images.

10.10 Uses of Mirrors

• Plane Mirrors: Used for reflections in homes, bathrooms, dressing rooms.

• Concave Mirrors: Used in telescopes, headlights, shaving mirrors for magnified or focused light.

• Convex Mirrors: Employed in vehicle rear-view mirrors and security mirrors for wide-angle views.