Course Content
Science
The Class 7 Science curriculum offers a comprehensive exploration of fundamental scientific concepts, fostering a deeper understanding of the natural world. Covering a diverse array of topics, students delve into the intricacies of plant and animal nutrition, unraveling the mysteries of photosynthesis and digestion. From the transformation of fibers into fabric to the principles governing heat transfer, students embark on a journey through the realms of physics and biology. They uncover the properties of acids, bases, and salts, gaining insight into chemical reactions and their practical applications. Moreover, the course sheds light on environmental phenomena, elucidating the mechanisms behind weather patterns, winds, storms, and cyclones, while also delving into the significance of soil and water resources. Through hands-on exploration and theoretical learning, students develop a holistic perspective on scientific principles, equipping them with the knowledge and skills to navigate the complexities of the natural world.
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Nutrition in Plants
Nutrition in Animals
Heat
Acids, Bases and Salts
Physical and Chemical Changes
Respiration in Organisms
Transportation in Animals and Plants
Reproduction in Plants
Motion and Time
Electric Current and its Effects
Light
Forests: Our Lifeline
Wastewater Story
Water: A Precious Resource
Maths
abc
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Integers
Fractions and Decimals
Data Handling
Simple Equations
Lines and Angles
The Triangle and its Properties
Comparing Quantities
Rational Numbers
Algebraic Expressions
Exponents and Powers
Symmetry
Visualising Solid Shapes
SST
Class 7 Social Studies (SST) covers a broad spectrum of topics encompassing history, geography, and civics, aimed at providing students with a comprehensive understanding of their world and its historical, social, and environmental context. In history, students explore significant events and developments from medieval India, including the rise and fall of empires, cultural transformations, and the influence of various dynasties. Geography lessons focus on understanding the Earth's structure, various landforms, water bodies, and the impact of human activities on the environment, fostering awareness about sustainability and conservation. Civics introduces students to the functioning of government, the importance of democracy, and the roles and responsibilities of citizens, promoting an understanding of their place and duties within the society. This curriculum is designed to build critical thinking, awareness, and a sense of responsibility among students.
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Environment
Inside Our Earth
Our Changing Earth
Air
Water
Human – Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Region
Life in the desserts
INTRODUCTION: TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A THOUSAND YEARS
KINGS AND KINGDOMS
The Delhi Sultans
THE MUGHALS (16th TO 17th CENTURY)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
DEVOTIONAL PATHS TO THE DIVINE
THE MAKING OF REGIONAL CULTURES
EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY POLITICAL FORMATIONS
English
Class 7 English curriculum encompasses a diverse range of language skills and literary exploration. Students engage in reading comprehension activities, analyzing prose, poetry, and short stories to grasp main ideas, characters, and literary devices. Grammar and vocabulary exercises strengthen their understanding of language structure and usage. Writing skills are honed through the practice of various formats like essays, letters, and narratives, focusing on coherent organization and persuasive expression. Literary exploration introduces students to different genres and elements such as character development, plot, and figurative language. Speaking and listening activities improve verbal communication, while supplementary readings broaden literary exposure. Engaging in language games and interactive exercises further reinforces learning, fostering effective communication and critical thinking for academic and real-life contexts.
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Three Questions
A Gift of Chappals
The Rebel
The Squirrel
Gopal and the Hilsa-fish
The Shed
The Ashes That Made Trees Bloom
Chivvy
Quality
Trees
Expert Detectives
Mystery of the Talking Fan
The Invention of Vita-Wonk
Dad and the Cat and the Tree
A Homage to our Brave Soldiers
Meadow Surprises
A Bicycle in Good Repair
Garden Snake
The Story of Cricket
The Tiny Teacher
Bringing Up Kari
The Desert
Golu Grows a Nose
Chandni
The Bear Story
A tiger in the house
An alien hand
The Cop and the Anthem
I want something in a Cage
Class 7 Foundation
About Lesson

13.1 Introduction: Plane Figures and Solid Shapes

Understanding Dimensions

In this section, we will explore how to classify figures based on their dimensions.

Three-Dimensional Shapes: In our daily lives, we see many objects with different shapes such as books, balls, and ice-cream cones. These objects share a common characteristic: they all have some length, breadth, and height or depth. This means they occupy space and are known as three-dimensional shapes.

  • Length, Breadth, and Height: These are the three dimensions that define the shape of an object.
  • Examples of 3-D Shapes: Cuboids, cylinders, cubes, spheres, pyramids, and cones are all examples of three-dimensional shapes.

Activity: Match the Shape with the Name Try to identify the three-dimensional shapes and match them with their names:

  1. Cuboid
  2. Cylinder
  3. Cube
  4. Sphere
  5. Pyramid
  6. Cone

Two-Dimensional Figures

Figures that are drawn on paper and have only length and breadth are called two-dimensional figures. They do not have depth, so they do not occupy space in the same way as three-dimensional shapes.

  • Length and Breadth: These are the two dimensions that define a two-dimensional figure.
  • Examples of 2-D Shapes: Circles, rectangles, squares, quadrilaterals, and triangles are examples of two-dimensional figures.

Activity: Match the 2-D Shape with the Name Try to identify the two-dimensional shapes and match them with their names:

  1. Circle
  2. Rectangle
  3. Square
  4. Quadrilateral
  5. Triangle

Note: We can write 2-D in short for two-dimensional and 3-D in short for three-dimensional.

This section introduces the basic concepts of dimensions, helping us differentiate between plane figures (2-D) and solid shapes (3-D). Understanding these concepts is crucial as we move forward to explore more about the characteristics of these shapes.

13.2 Faces, Edges, and Vertices

Understanding Faces, Edges, and Vertices of Solid Shapes

Solid shapes have distinct characteristics that help us identify and differentiate them. These characteristics include faces, edges, and vertices.

Faces:

  • A face is a flat surface on a three-dimensional shape.
  • For example, a cube has six faces, each of which is a square.

Edges:

  • An edge is a line segment where two faces meet.
  • For example, a cube has twelve edges.

Vertices:

  • A vertex is a corner where edges meet.
  • For example, a cube has eight vertices.

Example: The Cube

Let’s look at a cube to understand these concepts better:

  • Vertices: The cube has 8 corners or vertices.
  • Edges: The cube has 12 edges, which are the line segments forming the skeleton of the cube.
  • Faces: The cube has 6 flat square surfaces or faces.

Here’s a visual representation:

  1. Vertices: The 8 corners of the cube.
  2. Edges: The 12 line segments forming the skeleton.
  3. Faces: The 6 flat square surfaces.

Connecting 2-D and 3-D Shapes

Two-dimensional figures can often be seen as the faces of three-dimensional shapes. For example:

  • A cylinder has two faces, both of which are circles.
  • A pyramid (like the one shown in the figure) has triangles as its faces.

Understanding how 2-D figures form the faces of 3-D shapes helps us visualize and understand solid shapes better.

Visualizing 3-D Shapes on a 2-D Surface

To better understand three-dimensional objects, we can use nets. A net is a two-dimensional pattern that can be folded to form a three-dimensional shape.

Activity: Creating Nets

  1. Take a cardboard box and cut along its edges to lay it flat. This flat layout is the net of the box.
  2. By folding the net appropriately, you can reconstruct the original three-dimensional shape.

Understanding faces, edges, and vertices is essential for visualizing and constructing three-dimensional shapes from two-dimensional patterns. This foundational knowledge is crucial as we move forward to more complex concepts and applications of solid shapes.

13.3 Nets for Building 3-D Shapes

Understanding Nets

In this section, we’ll explore the concept of nets, which are two-dimensional representations that can be folded to form three-dimensional shapes. Nets provide a visual aid for understanding and constructing solid shapes.

Creating Nets

Example: Making a Net for a Box

  1. Take a cardboard box and cut along its edges to lay it flat.
  2. The resulting flat layout is called a net.
  3. By folding along the lines of the net, you can recreate the original three-dimensional shape of the box.

Activity: Creating Nets

  1. Box Net: Copy an enlarged version of the net for a box and attempt to form the box by folding and gluing the edges.
  2. Cone Net: Similarly, you can obtain a net for a cone by cutting a slit along its slant surface.

Types of Nets

Different shapes have different nets:

  • A cube has a specific net pattern.
  • A cone has a different net pattern.
  • Similarly, other shapes like cylinders and pyramids have their own unique net patterns.

Activity: Making 3-D Shapes

  1. Cube: Use the provided net pattern and try to construct a cube by folding and joining the edges.
  2. Cone: Repeat the process with the net pattern provided for a cone.

Challenging Shapes

Some shapes, like the Great Pyramid in Giza, have complex structures. Nets can help in visualizing and constructing such shapes. For example, the Great Pyramid has a square base and triangles on the four sides. By using a suitable net pattern, you can attempt to recreate this pyramid shape.

Activity: Making the Great Pyramid

  1. Use the provided net pattern for the Great Pyramid and try to construct it by folding and joining the edges.

Exploring Possibilities

Nets offer endless possibilities for constructing various three-dimensional shapes. By experimenting with different net patterns and folding techniques, you can create a wide range of solid shapes.

Understanding nets is essential for visualizing and building three-dimensional shapes accurately. It allows us to move from two-dimensional representations to tangible three-dimensional objects, enhancing our understanding of spatial relationships and geometry.

13.4 Drawing Solids on a Flat Surface

In this section, we’ll explore techniques for drawing three-dimensional shapes on a two-dimensional surface, such as paper. Since paper is flat, drawing solid shapes on it requires specific techniques to create the illusion of depth and dimension.

Visual Illusion

When we draw solid shapes on a flat surface like paper, we create a visual illusion to make them appear three-dimensional. This illusion helps us perceive depth and dimensionality in the drawings.

Techniques for Drawing Solids

1. Oblique Sketches:

  • Oblique sketches provide a clear idea of how a solid shape looks when viewed from the front.
  • While oblique sketches may not accurately represent the actual measurements of the shape, they convey its overall structure effectively.

2. Isometric Drawing:

  • Isometric drawing is a method used to create three-dimensional representations of objects on a two-dimensional surface.
  • In isometric drawing, the angles between the axes are equal, resulting in a more accurate representation of the shape’s dimensions.

Activity: Creating an Oblique Sketch

  1. Start with squared paper.
  2. Draw the front face of the solid shape.
  3. Draw the opposite face, ensuring that its size matches the front face but is somewhat offset.
  4. Join the corresponding corners to complete the sketch.

Example: Oblique Sketch of a Cube

  • In an oblique sketch of a cube, the sizes of the front faces and their opposites are the same, and the edges, though not accurately measured, appear equal.

Practical Applications

Drawing solid shapes on a flat surface is essential in various fields, including engineering, architecture, and design. These techniques allow professionals to create accurate representations of three-dimensional objects for planning, visualization, and communication purposes.

Understanding how to create oblique sketches and isometric drawings enhances one’s ability to visualize and communicate complex shapes effectively. It also serves as a foundation for more advanced techniques in technical drawing and spatial reasoning.

13.5 Understanding Three-Dimensional Shapes

In this section, we delve deeper into the properties and characteristics of three-dimensional (3D) shapes. Understanding these shapes and their attributes is essential for various fields, including mathematics, engineering, architecture, and design.

Key Concepts

1. Volume and Surface Area:

  • Volume refers to the amount of space occupied by a 3D object. It is measured in cubic units.
  • Surface area is the total area covering the exterior surface of a 3D object. It is measured in square units.

2. Properties of Specific Shapes:

  • Different 3D shapes have distinct properties:
    • Cuboid: Rectangular box with six rectangular faces.
    • Cube: Box with six square faces of equal size.
    • Cylinder: Circular tube with two circular faces and a curved surface.
    • Sphere: A perfectly round shape with no edges or vertices.
    • Pyramid: Polygonal base with triangular faces meeting at a common vertex.
    • Cone: Circular base tapering to a point.

3. Relationships between Shapes:

  • Understanding the relationships between different 3D shapes helps in problem-solving and visualization.
  • For example, a cylinder can be visualized as a combination of circles and rectangles, while a pyramid can be seen as a combination of triangles and a polygonal base.

4. Applications in Real Life:

  • Knowledge of 3D shapes is applied in various real-life scenarios, such as:
    • Architecture: Designing buildings and structures.
    • Engineering: Creating models and prototypes.
    • Manufacturing: Producing objects with specific shapes and dimensions.
    • Art and Design: Sculpting and creating visual compositions.

Activities and Exercises

1. Calculating Volume and Surface Area:

  • Engage in exercises that involve calculating the volume and surface area of different 3D shapes. Use formulas specific to each shape to perform the calculations.

2. Visualizing Shapes:

  • Practice visualizing 3D shapes from different perspectives, such as top view, side view, and isometric view. This enhances spatial reasoning skills and improves understanding.

3. Constructing Models:

  • Build physical models of 3D shapes using materials like paper, cardboard, or clay. This hands-on approach helps reinforce concepts and allows for experimentation with shapes and structures.

4. Problem-Solving Challenges:

  • Solve problems and challenges that require applying knowledge of 3D shapes, such as finding the dimensions of a container given its volume or determining the surface area of a complex object.

Conclusion

Understanding three-dimensional shapes is fundamental to various fields and disciplines. By mastering the properties, relationships, and applications of these shapes, individuals can enhance their problem-solving abilities, spatial visualization skills, and creativity. Continued practice and exploration of 3D shapes contribute to a deeper understanding of the world around us and empower us to tackle complex challenges effectively.

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