Course Content
Science
The Class 7 Science curriculum offers a comprehensive exploration of fundamental scientific concepts, fostering a deeper understanding of the natural world. Covering a diverse array of topics, students delve into the intricacies of plant and animal nutrition, unraveling the mysteries of photosynthesis and digestion. From the transformation of fibers into fabric to the principles governing heat transfer, students embark on a journey through the realms of physics and biology. They uncover the properties of acids, bases, and salts, gaining insight into chemical reactions and their practical applications. Moreover, the course sheds light on environmental phenomena, elucidating the mechanisms behind weather patterns, winds, storms, and cyclones, while also delving into the significance of soil and water resources. Through hands-on exploration and theoretical learning, students develop a holistic perspective on scientific principles, equipping them with the knowledge and skills to navigate the complexities of the natural world.
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Nutrition in Plants
Nutrition in Animals
Heat
Acids, Bases and Salts
Physical and Chemical Changes
Respiration in Organisms
Transportation in Animals and Plants
Reproduction in Plants
Motion and Time
Electric Current and its Effects
Light
Forests: Our Lifeline
Wastewater Story
Water: A Precious Resource
Maths
abc
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Integers
Fractions and Decimals
Data Handling
Simple Equations
Lines and Angles
The Triangle and its Properties
Comparing Quantities
Rational Numbers
Algebraic Expressions
Exponents and Powers
Symmetry
Visualising Solid Shapes
SST
Class 7 Social Studies (SST) covers a broad spectrum of topics encompassing history, geography, and civics, aimed at providing students with a comprehensive understanding of their world and its historical, social, and environmental context. In history, students explore significant events and developments from medieval India, including the rise and fall of empires, cultural transformations, and the influence of various dynasties. Geography lessons focus on understanding the Earth's structure, various landforms, water bodies, and the impact of human activities on the environment, fostering awareness about sustainability and conservation. Civics introduces students to the functioning of government, the importance of democracy, and the roles and responsibilities of citizens, promoting an understanding of their place and duties within the society. This curriculum is designed to build critical thinking, awareness, and a sense of responsibility among students.
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Environment
Inside Our Earth
Our Changing Earth
Air
Water
Human – Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Region
Life in the desserts
INTRODUCTION: TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A THOUSAND YEARS
KINGS AND KINGDOMS
The Delhi Sultans
THE MUGHALS (16th TO 17th CENTURY)
TRIBES, NOMADS AND SETTLED COMMUNITIES
DEVOTIONAL PATHS TO THE DIVINE
THE MAKING OF REGIONAL CULTURES
EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY POLITICAL FORMATIONS
English
Class 7 English curriculum encompasses a diverse range of language skills and literary exploration. Students engage in reading comprehension activities, analyzing prose, poetry, and short stories to grasp main ideas, characters, and literary devices. Grammar and vocabulary exercises strengthen their understanding of language structure and usage. Writing skills are honed through the practice of various formats like essays, letters, and narratives, focusing on coherent organization and persuasive expression. Literary exploration introduces students to different genres and elements such as character development, plot, and figurative language. Speaking and listening activities improve verbal communication, while supplementary readings broaden literary exposure. Engaging in language games and interactive exercises further reinforces learning, fostering effective communication and critical thinking for academic and real-life contexts.
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Three Questions
A Gift of Chappals
The Rebel
The Squirrel
Gopal and the Hilsa-fish
The Shed
The Ashes That Made Trees Bloom
Chivvy
Quality
Trees
Expert Detectives
Mystery of the Talking Fan
The Invention of Vita-Wonk
Dad and the Cat and the Tree
A Homage to our Brave Soldiers
Meadow Surprises
A Bicycle in Good Repair
Garden Snake
The Story of Cricket
The Tiny Teacher
Bringing Up Kari
The Desert
Golu Grows a Nose
Chandni
The Bear Story
A tiger in the house
An alien hand
The Cop and the Anthem
I want something in a Cage
Class 7 Foundation
About Lesson

5.1 Introduction to Lines and Angles

In this section, we embark on a journey into the world of lines and angles, starting with basic concepts and definitions.

Identifying Lines, Line Segments, and Angles: The section begins by revisiting the fundamental concepts of lines, line segments, and angles. Readers are prompted to identify these elements in given shapes, enhancing their understanding of geometric figures.

Understanding Lines, Line Segments, and Rays: The distinction between lines, line segments, and rays is clarified, emphasizing the number of endpoints each possesses. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts, fostering a deeper comprehension among readers.

Naming Line Segments, Lines, and Rays: Readers learn the conventions for denoting line segments, lines, and rays using symbols such as PQ, AB, and OP. Real-life examples are encouraged for discussion, promoting engagement and practical application of geometric concepts.

Introduction to Angles: An angle is defined as the geometric shape formed by two intersecting lines or line segments. Readers are introduced to the concept of angles through illustrations, highlighting the corners formed when lines intersect.

Naming and Representing Angles: Angles are named using three points, with the vertex in the middle. Symbolic representation, such as ∠ABC, is introduced to denote angles. Examples from provided figures are used to illustrate angle naming conventions.

Classification of Angles: Readers revisit the classification of angles as acute, obtuse, or right angles based on their measures. Examples from given figures are used to identify and classify angles, reinforcing conceptual understanding.

Note on Angle Measurement: The section concludes with a note on angle measurement, clarifying that the notation m∠ABC represents the measure of angle ABC. The distinction between angle representation and angle measurement is emphasized for clarity.

5.2 Related Angles

This section delves deeper into the relationships between different types of angles, focusing on complementary and supplementary angles.

Complementary Angles: The concept of complementary angles is introduced, wherein two angles are termed complementary if their sum equals 90°. Readers are prompted to identify examples of complementary angles and understand their relationship through illustrations.

Understanding Complementary Angles: Readers explore the notion that when two angles are complementary, each angle is considered the complement of the other. Examples from provided diagrams are used to illustrate this relationship, aiding in comprehension.

Examples and Applications of Complementary Angles: Real-life scenarios are presented to demonstrate the concept of complementary angles in practical contexts. Readers are encouraged to identify examples of complementary angles in everyday situations, fostering a deeper understanding of their significance.

Supplementary Angles: The concept of supplementary angles is introduced, wherein two angles are termed supplementary if their sum equals 180°. Readers explore examples and illustrations to grasp the concept of supplementary angles and their relationship.

Understanding Supplementary Angles: Similar to complementary angles, readers understand that when two angles are supplementary, each angle is considered the supplement of the other. Examples from provided diagrams are used to illustrate this relationship, aiding in conceptual understanding.

Examples and Applications of Supplementary Angles: Real-world examples are presented to illustrate the concept of supplementary angles in various contexts. Readers are encouraged to identify examples of supplementary angles in practical scenarios, reinforcing their understanding of this geometric concept.

Conclusion: This section concludes by summarizing the concepts of complementary and supplementary angles, highlighting their significance in geometry and real-life applications. By exploring these relationships, readers develop a deeper understanding of angles and their properties.

5.3 Pairs of Lines

In this section, the focus shifts to understanding the interactions between lines when they intersect or are parallel, with a specific emphasis on transversals and their associated angles.

Intersecting Lines: Readers are introduced to the concept of intersecting lines, where two lines meet at a common point. Examples from everyday objects and situations are provided to illustrate intersecting lines, encouraging readers to identify such instances in their surroundings.

Understanding Intersecting Lines: Through visual aids and diagrams, readers learn to distinguish intersecting lines and understand the significance of their point of intersection. Activities and questions prompt readers to explore further examples and applications of intersecting lines.

Transversal: The concept of a transversal, a line that intersects two or more lines at distinct points, is introduced. Readers are guided through examples and illustrations to comprehend the role of transversals in geometry and their interactions with other lines.

Angles Made by a Transversal: Readers delve into the angles formed by a transversal intersecting two lines, including interior angles, exterior angles, corresponding angles, alternate interior angles, alternate exterior angles, and interior angles on the same side of the transversal. Visual aids and diagrams aid in understanding these angle relationships.

Exploring Transversals: Through activities and questions, readers are encouraged to explore various properties and characteristics of transversals, further solidifying their understanding of how transversals interact with parallel and intersecting lines.

Conclusion: The section concludes by summarizing the key concepts of intersecting lines, transversals, and the angles formed by their interactions. By engaging with practical examples and activities, readers develop a comprehensive understanding of the relationships between lines and angles in geometric contexts.

5.4 Checking for Parallel Lines

In this section, readers learn methods for determining whether two lines are parallel, emphasizing the role of transversals and specific angle relationships.

Introduction to Parallel Lines: The section begins by revisiting the concept of parallel lines—lines that do not intersect and are equidistant at every point. Readers are reminded of the importance of identifying parallel lines in various real-world scenarios.

Using Transversals to Identify Parallel Lines: The primary method discussed involves using transversals to determine if two lines are parallel. By examining corresponding angles, alternate interior angles, or interior angles on the same side of the transversal, readers can infer whether the lines are parallel.

Illustrative Examples: Through diagrams and practical examples, readers are guided through the process of identifying parallel lines using transversals. The examples demonstrate how specific angle relationships indicate parallelism between lines.

Practical Applications: The section highlights practical applications of identifying parallel lines, such as in construction, drafting, and geometry problems. By mastering these techniques, readers can apply them to solve real-world problems effectively.

Conclusion and Summary: The section concludes by summarizing the key concepts learned, emphasizing the importance of transversals and angle relationships in determining parallel lines. By engaging with examples and applying the methods discussed, readers develop a solid understanding of how to check for parallelism between lines.

5.5 Pairs of Lines

In this section, the focus shifts from individual lines and angles to exploring different configurations and relationships between pairs of lines.

Introduction to Pairs of Lines: Readers are introduced to the concept of pairs of lines and the significance of understanding their configurations and interactions. The section highlights that lines can intersect, be parallel, or perpendicular to each other.

Intersecting Lines: The section starts by discussing intersecting lines, emphasizing that they share a common point where they cross each other. Examples from everyday life, such as road crossings and railway lines, are provided to illustrate intersecting lines.

Transversal and Angles: Next, the concept of a transversal intersecting two or more lines is introduced. Readers learn about the various angles formed by a transversal intersecting parallel lines, including interior angles, exterior angles, corresponding angles, alternate angles, and same-side interior angles.

Parallel Lines: The discussion then shifts to parallel lines, which do not intersect and are equidistant at every point. Methods for identifying parallel lines using transversals and specific angle relationships are explained, emphasizing the importance of recognizing corresponding angles, alternate interior angles, and interior angles on the same side of the transversal.

Perpendicular Lines: Finally, perpendicular lines, which intersect at right angles, are introduced. The section explores the properties of perpendicular lines and their significance in various contexts, such as constructing right angles and determining the orientation of objects.

Practical Applications and Examples: Throughout the section, practical examples and real-world scenarios are provided to illustrate the concepts discussed. Readers are encouraged to apply their knowledge of intersecting, parallel, and perpendicular lines to solve problems and analyze geometric configurations.

Conclusion: The section concludes by summarizing the key concepts covered, reinforcing the importance of understanding the relationships between pairs of lines in geometry and everyday life. By mastering these concepts, readers develop a deeper understanding of geometric configurations and their applications.

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